Manaʻo ʻia nā nanoparticles kālā (AgNPs) he mea hana pono no ka mālama ʻana i nā pathogens like ʻole.Eia nō naʻe, aia nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā AgNP i loko o ka pāpaʻi kaiapuni, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoulu i ke olakino kanaka a me nā hopena kaiaola.Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, hoʻomohala a loiloi mākou i kahi micrometer-sized magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) i hoʻonani ʻia me nā AgNPs like ʻole (AgNP-MHCs).Ma hope o ka noi ʻia ʻana no ka disinfection, hiki ke hoʻihoʻi maʻalahi kēia mau ʻāpana mai ka media kaiapuni me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou mau waiwai magnetic a noho maikaʻi no ka inactivating viral pathogens.Ua loiloi mākou i ka pono o AgNP-MHCs no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), a me ka adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2).Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau maʻi maʻi i AgNP-MHC no 1, 3, a me 6 mau hola ma 25 ° C a laila nānā ʻia e ka plaque assay a me TaqMan PCR manawa maoli.Ua ʻike ʻia nā AgNP-MHC i kahi ākea o nā pae pH a me ka paʻi ʻana a me ka wai i luna e loiloi i kā lākou hopena antiviral ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiapuni.Ma waena o nā ʻano ʻekolu o nā AgNP-MHC i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ua hōʻike ʻo Ag30-MHC i ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā maʻi.Ua hōʻemi ʻia ka ϕX174 a me MNV ma mua o 2 log10 ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i 4.6 × 109 Ag30-MHCs/ml no 1 hola.Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau hopena e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā AgNP-MHC e hoʻopau i nā pathogens viral me ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i loko o ke kaiapuni.

Me nā holomua hou i ka nanotechnology, ua loaʻa nā nanoparticles i ka nui o ka nānā ʻana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i nā kahua o ka biotechnology, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ke olakino lehulehu (1,2).Ma muli o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe o ka surface-to-volume ratio, nano-sized material, maʻamau mai ka 10 a 500 nm, loaʻa nā waiwai physicochemical kū hoʻokahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻoi aku ka nui (1).Hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ke ʻano a me ka nui o nā nanomaterials, a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā pūʻulu hana kikoʻī ma ko lākou mau ʻili e hiki ai i ka launa pū ʻana me kekahi mau protein a i ʻole intracellular uptake (3,–5).

Ua aʻo nui ʻia nā nanoparticles kālā (AgNPs) ma ke ʻano he antimicrobial agent (6).Hoʻohana ʻia ke kālā i ka hana ʻana i nā cutlery maikaʻi, no ka hoʻonaninani, a me nā mea lapaʻau.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pūhui kālā e like me ka sulfadiazine kālā a me kekahi mau paʻakai e like me nā huahana mālama ʻeha a ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi ʻeha ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai antimicrobial (6,7).Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou he maikaʻi loa nā AgNP no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻano bacteria a me nā maʻi (viruses).8,–11).Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā AgNPs a me nā Ag+ i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā AgNP me nā biomolecules phosphorus a i ʻole sulfur, me DNA, RNA, a me nā protein (12,–14).Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi lākou e hoʻoulu i nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS), e hoʻopōʻino i ka membrane i nā microorganisms (15).ʻO ka nui, ke ʻano, a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā AgNPs kekahi mau mea koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ko lākou hiki ke antimicrobial (8,10,13,16,17).

Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina mua i nā pilikia i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā AgNPs no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pathogens i loko o kahi wai.ʻO ka mea mua, ua kaupalena ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka pono o AgNPs no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pathogens viral i ka wai.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka monodispersed AgNPs maʻamau i lalo i ka particle-particle aggregation ma muli o ko lākou liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o ka ʻili, a ʻo kēia mau hōʻuluʻulu e hōʻemi i ka pono o nā AgNP e kūʻē i nā pathogens microbial (7).ʻO ka hope, ua hōʻike ʻia nā AgNP i nā hopena cytotoxic like ʻole (5,18,–20), a ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā AgNP i loko o kahi kaiapuni wai hiki ke hopena i nā pilikia olakino a me ke kaiaola.

I kēia mau lā, ua kūkulu mākou i kahi micrometer-sized magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) i hoʻonani ʻia me nā AgNP o nā ʻano nui (21,22).Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu MHC no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā composites AgNP mai ke kaiapuni.Ua loiloi mākou i ka pono antiviral o kēia mau nanoparticles kālā ma MHCs (AgNP-MHCs) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), a me ka adenovirus ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiapuni like ʻole.

Nā hopena antiviral o AgNP-MHC ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa kūʻē i ka bacteriophage ϕX174 (a), MNV (b), a me AdV2 (c).Ua mālama ʻia nā maʻi maʻi me nā manaʻo like ʻole o AgNP-MHCs, a me OH-MHCs (4.6 × 109 particles / ml) ma ke ʻano he mana, i loko o kahi incubator haʻalulu (150 rpm, 1 h, 25 ° C).Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻokolohua plaque no ke ana ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi ola.ʻO nā kumu waiwai ke ʻano o ± nā ʻokoʻa maʻamau (SD) mai ʻekolu mau hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa.Hōʻike nā Asterisk i nā waiwai like ʻole (P<0.05 e ANOVA ala hoʻokahi me ka hoʻāʻo ʻo Dunnett).

Ua hōʻike kēia haʻawina he kūpono nā AgNP-MHC no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā bacteriophages a me MNV, kahi pani no ka norovirus kanaka, i ka wai.Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia nā AgNP-MHC me kahi magnet, me ka pale pono ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā AgNP hiki ke ʻona i ke kaiapuni.Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi helu o nā noiʻi mua ʻana he mea koʻikoʻi ka neʻe ʻana a me ka nui o nā ʻāpana o AgNPs no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā microorganism i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (8,16,17).ʻO nā hopena antimicrobial o AgNPs pili pū i ke ʻano microorganism.ʻO ka maikaʻi o AgNP-MHCs no ka hoʻopau ʻole ʻana i ka ϕX174 ma hope o kahi pilina hopena-pane.Ma waena o nā AgNP-MHC i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka Ag30-MHC no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ϕX174 a me MNV.No MNV, ʻo nā Ag30-MHC wale nō i hōʻike i ka hana antiviral, me nā AgNP-MHC ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i hana i kekahi inactivation koʻikoʻi o MNV.ʻAʻohe o nā AgNP-MHC i loaʻa kahi hana antiviral koʻikoʻi e kūʻē iā AdV2.

Ma waho aʻe o ka nui o nā ʻāpana, he mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka ʻike ʻana o ke kālā i loko o nā AgNP-MHC.Ua ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo o ke kālā e hoʻoholo i ka pono o nā hopena antiviral o AgNP-MHC.ʻO nā haʻahaʻa kālā i loko o nā hāʻina o Ag07-MHC a me Ag30-MHC ma 4.6 × 109 particles / ml he 28.75 ppm a me 200 ppm, kēlā me kēia, a pili pū me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana antiviral.Papa 2hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻāpana kālā a me nā ʻāpana ʻili o nā AgNP-MHC i hoʻāʻo ʻia.Ua hōʻike ʻo Ag07-MHC i ka hana antiviral haʻahaʻa loa a loaʻa ka haʻahaʻa kālā haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻili o ka ʻili, e hōʻike ana ua pili kēia mau waiwai i ka hana antiviral o AgNP-MHC.

ʻO kā mākou noiʻi mua i hōʻike ʻia ʻo nā hana antimicrobial nui o AgNP-MHCs ka abstraction kemika o Mg2+ a i ʻole Ca2+ ion mai nā membrane microbial, ka hana ʻana o nā paʻakikī me nā hui thiol aia ma nā membranes, a me ka hanauna o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) (21).Ma muli o ka nui o ka nui o nā ʻāpana AgNP-MHC (~ 500 nm), ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke komo i kahi capsid viral.Akā, ʻike ʻia nā AgNP-MHC e launa pū me nā protein surface viral.Hoʻopaʻa nā AgNP ma nā composites i nā biomolecules i loko o ka hui thiol i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā protein aahu o nā maʻi.No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi nā waiwai biochemical o nā protein capsid viral no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ko lākou hiki ke loaʻa iā AgNP-MHC.Helu 1hōʻike i nā maʻi like ʻole o nā maʻi i nā hopena o AgNP-MHC.Ua maʻalahi nā bacteriophages ϕX174 a me MNV i nā AgNP-MHC, akā ua kūpaʻa ʻo AdV2.ʻO ka pae kūʻē kiʻekiʻe o AdV2 e pili pū ana me kona nui a me kona ʻano.ʻO ka nui o nā Adenoviruses mai 70 a 100 nm (30), ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ϕX174 (27 a 33 nm) a me MNV (28 a 35 nm) (31,32).Ma waho aʻe o ko lākou nui nui, loaʻa i nā adenoviruses ka DNA kaulalua, ʻaʻole like me nā maʻi maʻi ʻē aʻe, a kūʻē i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi kaiapuni e like me ka wela a me ka radiation UV (33,34).Ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou noiʻi mua ʻana kokoke i kahi hōʻemi 3-log10 o MS2 i loaʻa me Ag30-MHCs i loko o 6 mau hola (21).Loaʻa i ka MS2 a me ϕX174 nā nui like ʻole me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nucleic acid (RNA a i ʻole DNA) akā loaʻa nā helu like ʻole o ka inactivation e Ag30-MHCs.No laila, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka nucleic acid ka mea nui no ke kūʻē ʻana i nā AgNP-MHC.Akā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui a me ke ʻano o ka mea maʻi viral, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka adenovirus.Ua loaʻa i nā Ag30-MHC kahi hōʻemi 2-log10 o M13 i loko o 6 mau hola (ko mākou ʻikepili i paʻi ʻole ʻia).ʻO ka M13 kahi maʻi DNA kaula hoʻokahi (35) a he ∼880 nm ka loa a me 6.6 nm ke anawaena (36).ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻole ʻana o ka filamentous bacteriophage M13 ma waena o nā maʻi maʻi liʻiliʻi a puni (MNV, ϕX174, a me MS2) a me kahi virus nui (AdV2).

Ma ka haʻawina i kēia manawa, ʻokoʻa loa nā kinetics inactivation o MNV i ka hoʻāʻo plaque a me ka assay RT-PCR (Kii 2baandc).c).ʻIke ʻia nā hoʻāʻo molekala e like me RT-PCR e hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i ka helu inactivation o nā maʻi (25,28), e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma kā mākou haʻawina.Ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana o nā AgNP-MHC me ka ʻili viral, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā protein coat viral ma mua o nā waikawa nucleic viral.No laila, hiki i kahi ho'āʻo RT-PCR e ana i ka waika nucleic viral hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hana ʻole o nā maʻi.ʻO ka hopena o nā ion Ag + a me ka hanauna o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) pono ke kuleana no ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā maʻi i hoʻāʻo ʻia.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ka nui o nā ʻano hana antiviral o AgNP-MHC, a ʻo ka noiʻi hou ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala biotechnological e koi ʻia e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o AdV2.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua loiloi mākou i ka ikaika o ka hana antiviral o Ag30-MHC ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana iā lākou i kahi ākea o nā waiwai pH a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā wai wai ma mua o ke ana ʻana i kā lākou hana antiviral (Kiʻi 3aa me 4).4).ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kūlana pH haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hopena i ka nalowale kino a/a i ʻole hana o nā AgNP mai ka MHC (ʻike i paʻi ʻole ʻia).Ma ke alo o nā mea kikoʻī ʻole, ua hōʻike mau ʻo Ag30-MHC i ka hana antiviral, me ka emi ʻana o ka hana antiviral e kūʻē iā MS2.He haʻahaʻa loa ka hana antiviral i loko o ka wai ʻili i kānana ʻole ʻia, no ka mea, ʻo ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o Ag30-MHC a me nā mea kikoʻī ʻole i loko o ka wai o ka ʻili kehuka nui i hoʻemi ʻia ka hana antiviral (Papa 3).No laila, pono e hana ʻia nā loiloi kahua o nā AgNP-MHC ma nā ʻano wai like ʻole (e laʻa, me nā ʻano paʻakai like ʻole a i ʻole humic acid) i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

I ka hopena, loaʻa i nā Ag composites hou, AgNP-MHC, nā mana antiviral maikaʻi loa e kūʻē i kekahi mau maʻi, me ϕX174 a me MNV.Mālama ʻo AgNP-MHC i ka ikaika ikaika ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiapuni like ʻole, a hiki ke hoʻihoʻi maʻalahi kēia mau ʻāpana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka magnet, no laila e hōʻemi ana i ko lākou mau hopena pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni.Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina e hiki i ka AgNP composite ke lilo i antiviral maikaʻi i nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole, me ka ʻole o nā pilikia kaiaola.