Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) raug suav hais tias yog cov cuab yeej muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tswj hwm ntau yam kab mob.Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev tso tawm AgNPs rau hauv ib puag ncig kev tshaj tawm, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev cuam tshuam ecological.Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau tsim thiab ntsuas qhov tshiab micrometer-sized magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau yam AgNPs (AgNP-MHCs).Tom qab siv tshuaj tua kab mob, cov khoom no tuaj yeem rov qab tau yooj yim los ntawm ib puag ncig xov xwm siv lawv cov khoom sib nqus thiab tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau inactivating kab mob.Peb tau soj ntsuam qhov ua tau zoo ntawm AgNP-MHCs rau cov kab mob bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), thiab adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2).Cov kab mob lub hom phiaj no tau kis rau AgNP-MHCs rau 1, 3, thiab 6 h ntawm 25 ° C thiab tom qab ntawd tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov tshuaj plaque thiab lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm TaqMan PCR.Cov AgNP-MHCs tau nthuav tawm ntau yam ntawm pH ntau ntau thiab kais dej thiab dej saum npoo los ntsuas lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sib txawv.Ntawm peb hom AgNP-MHCs tau sim, Ag30-MHCs tau nthuav tawm qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua kom tsis muaj kab mob.Lub ϕX174 thiab MNV raug txo los ntawm ntau tshaj 2 log10 tom qab raug rau 4.6 × 109 Ag30-MHCs / ml rau 1 h.Cov txiaj ntsig no tau qhia tias AgNP-MHCs tuaj yeem siv los ua kom tsis muaj kab mob kis nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev tso tawm mus rau ib puag ncig.

Nrog rau kev nce qib hauv nanotechnology tsis ntev los no, nanoparticles tau txais kev pom zoo thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev lag luam biotechnology, tshuaj, thiab kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem (1,2).Raws li lawv qhov sib piv ntawm qhov siab-rau-ntim, cov ntaub ntawv nano-loj, feem ntau yog li ntawm 10 mus rau 500 nm, muaj cov khoom siv physicochemical tshwj xeeb piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv loj (1).Cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm nanomaterials tuaj yeem tswj tau, thiab cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem txuas rau ntawm lawv qhov chaw kom muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog qee cov proteins lossis intracellular uptake (3,-5).

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) tau kawm dav dav raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (6).Silver yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov cutlery zoo, rau ornamentation, thiab nyob rau hauv kho cov neeg sawv cev.Cov khoom siv nyiaj xws li nyiaj sulfadiazine thiab qee cov ntsev tau siv los ua cov khoom kho mob thiab kho cov kab mob sib kis vim lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob (6,7).Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias AgNPs muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua kom muaj ntau yam kab mob thiab kab mob (8,-11).AgNPs thiab Ag + ions tso tawm los ntawm AgNPs cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog phosphorus- lossis sulfur-muaj biomolecules, suav nrog DNA, RNA, thiab cov proteins (12,-14).Lawv kuj tau pom tias tsim kom muaj cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS), ua rau cov kab mob puas hauv cov kab mob (15).Qhov loj, zoo li, thiab concentration ntawm AgNPs kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau lawv cov peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob (8,10,13,16,17).

Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los kuj tau hais txog ntau qhov teeb meem thaum AgNPs siv los tswj cov kab mob hauv ib puag ncig dej.Ua ntej, cov kev tshawb fawb uas twb muaj lawm txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm AgNPs rau inactivating kab mob hauv dej yog txwv.Tsis tas li ntawd, monodispersed AgNPs feem ntau raug rau particle-particle aggregation vim lawv qhov loj me thiab qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw, thiab cov aggregates no txo ​​cov txiaj ntsig ntawm AgNPs tawm tsam cov kab mob microbial (7).Thaum kawg, AgNPs tau pom tias muaj ntau yam teebmeem cytotoxic (5,18,-20), thiab kev tso tawm AgNPs rau hauv ib puag ncig dej tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv thiab teeb meem ecological.

Tsis ntev los no, peb tau tsim ib qho tshiab micrometer-qhov loj me sib nqus hybrid colloid (MHC) dai kom zoo nkauj nrog AgNPs ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg (21,22).MHC core tuaj yeem siv los rov qab AgNP cov khoom sib xyaw los ntawm ib puag ncig.Peb tau soj ntsuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov nyiaj nanoparticles ntawm MHCs (AgNP-MHCs) siv bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), thiab adenovirus nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sib txawv.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm AgNP-MHCs ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw tiv thaiv kab mob bacteriophage ϕX174 (a), MNV (b), thiab AdV2 (c).Cov kab mob kis tau raug kho nrog ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm AgNP-MHCs, thiab nrog OH-MHCs (4.6 × 109 particles / ml) raws li kev tswj hwm, hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev co (150 rpm, 1 h, 25 ° C).Cov txheej txheem plaque assay tau siv los ntsuas cov kab mob tseem muaj sia nyob.Tus nqi yog txhais tau tias ± tus qauv sib txawv (SD) los ntawm peb qhov kev sim ywj pheej.Asterisks qhia qhov txawv qhov tseem ceeb (P<0.05 los ntawm ib-txoj kev ANOVA nrog Dunnett qhov kev xeem).

Txoj kev tshawb no pom tau tias AgNP-MHCs muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua kom tsis muaj kab mob bacteriophages thiab MNV, tus neeg sawv cev rau tib neeg norovirus, hauv dej.Tsis tas li ntawd, AgNP-MHCs tuaj yeem rov qab tau yooj yim nrog cov hlau nplaum, tiv thaiv kev tso tawm ntawm AgNPs uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hauv ib puag ncig.Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tias qhov concentration thiab particle loj ntawm AgNPs yog qhov tseem ceeb rau inactivating microorganisms hom phiaj (8,16,17).Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm AgNPs kuj nyob ntawm seb hom kab mob.Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm AgNP-MHCs rau kev tsis ua haujlwm ϕX174 ua raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm koob tshuaj.Ntawm cov AgNP-MHCs tau sim, Ag30-MHCs tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua rau kev tsis ua haujlwm ϕX174 thiab MNV.Rau MNV, tsuas yog Ag30-MHCs tso tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, nrog rau lwm yam AgNP-MHCs tsis tsim ib qho kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm MNV.Tsis muaj ib qho ntawm AgNP-MHCs muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv AdV2.

Ntxiv rau qhov me me, qhov concentration ntawm cov nyiaj hauv AgNP-MHCs kuj tseem ceeb.Cov concentration ntawm cov nyiaj tau tshwm sim los txiav txim qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm AgNP-MHCs.Cov nyiaj concentrations nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm Ag07-MHCs thiab Ag30-MHCs ntawm 4.6 × 109 particles / ml yog 28.75 ppm thiab 200 ppm, raws li, thiab correlated nrog rau qib ntawm antiviral kev ua si.Rooj 2Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov nyiaj thiab qhov chaw saum npoo ntawm AgNP-MHCs tau sim.Ag07-MHCs tau tso tawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob qis tshaj plaws thiab muaj cov nyiaj qis tshaj plaws thiab thaj chaw saum npoo av, qhia tias cov khoom no muaj feem xyuam rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm AgNP-MHCs.

Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tias cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob loj ntawm AgNP-MHCs yog cov tshuaj tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Mg2+ lossis Ca2+ ions los ntawm cov kab mob microbial, tsim cov complexes nrog thiol pawg nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias, thiab tiam ntawm reactive oxygen hom (ROS) (21).Vim tias AgNP-MHCs muaj qhov loj me me (∼500 nm), nws tsis zoo li tias lawv tuaj yeem nkag mus rau tus kab mob capsid.Hloov chaw, AgNP-MHCs tshwm sim cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob kis kab mob.AgNPs ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw zoo li khi thiol pawg-muaj biomolecules embedded nyob rau hauv lub tsho tiv no proteins ntawm cov kab mob.Yog li, cov khoom siv biochemical ntawm cov kab mob viral capsid yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau AgNP-MHCs.Daim duab 1qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob rau cov teebmeem ntawm AgNP-MHCs.Cov kab mob bacteriophages ϕX174 thiab MNV tau raug rau AgNP-MHCs, tab sis AdV2 tiv taus.Cov qib siab tsis kam ntawm AdV2 zoo li yuav cuam tshuam nrog nws qhov loj thiab cov qauv.Adenoviruses muaj qhov loj ntawm 70 txog 100 nm (30), ua rau lawv loj dua ϕX174 (27 txog 33 nm) thiab MNV (28 txog 35 nm) (31,32).Ntxiv rau lawv qhov loj me, adenoviruses muaj ob-kab DNA, tsis zoo li lwm cov kab mob, thiab tiv taus ntau yam kev ntxhov siab xws li tshav kub thiab UV hluav taws xob (33,34).Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm tias yuav luag 3-log10 txo qis ntawm MS2 tshwm sim nrog Ag30-MHCs hauv 6 teev (21).MS2 thiab ϕX174 muaj qhov sib xws nrog ntau hom nucleic acid (RNA lossis DNA) tab sis muaj cov nqi sib xws ntawm Ag30-MHCs.Yog li, qhov xwm txheej ntawm nucleic acid tsis tshwm sim yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv AgNP-MHCs.Hloov chaw, qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm cov kab mob kis tau tshwm sim tseem ceeb dua, vim tias adenovirus yog tus kab mob loj dua.Ag30-MHCs ua tiav yuav luag 2-log10 txo M13 hauv 6 teev (peb cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau tshaj tawm).M13 yog ib leeg-stranded DNA virus (35) thiab yog ∼880 nm ntev thiab 6.6 nm inch (36).Tus nqi ntawm inactivation ntawm filamentous bacteriophage M13 yog nruab nrab ntawm cov kab mob me me, cov kab mob sib kis (MNV, ϕX174, thiab MS2) thiab tus kab mob loj (AdV2).

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, qhov inactivation kinetics ntawm MNV muaj qhov sib txawv loj hauv cov tshuaj plaque thiab RT-PCR assay (Fig. 2 bthiabandc).c).Cov kev ntsuam xyuas molecular xws li RT-PCR tau paub tias muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob (25,28), raws li tau pom hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb.Vim tias AgNP-MHCs cuam tshuam feem ntau nrog cov kab mob saum npoo, lawv muaj feem yuav ua rau cov kab mob hauv lub tsho tiv thaiv kab mob ntau dua li cov kab mob nucleic acids.Yog li ntawd, RT-PCR kev ntsuam xyuas los ntsuas cov kab mob nucleic acid tuaj yeem txo qis qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob.Cov nyhuv ntawm Ag + ions thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov pa oxygen (ROS) yuav tsum yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob kuaj.Txawm li cas los xij, ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm AgNP-MHCs tseem tsis tau paub meej, thiab kev tshawb fawb ntxiv uas siv cov txheej txheem biotechnological yuav tsum tau ua kom paub meej cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm AdV2.

Thaum kawg, peb tau soj ntsuam qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm Ag30-MHCs los ntawm kev nthuav tawm lawv mus rau ntau yam ntawm pH qhov tseem ceeb thiab coj mus rhaub thiab cov qauv dej saum npoo av ua ntej ntsuas lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (Daim duab 3thiabthiab 4). 4).Kev cuam tshuam rau pH qis heev ua rau lub cev thiab / lossis kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm AgNPs los ntawm MHC (cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau tshaj tawm).Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm nonspecific hais, Ag30-MHCs tsis tu ncua tso tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, txawm hais tias muaj kev poob qis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv MS2.Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qis tshaj plaws hauv cov dej uas tsis tau lim dej, raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm Ag30-MHCs thiab cov khoom tsis tshwj xeeb hauv cov dej turbid heev tej zaum yuav ua rau txo qis ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (Table 3).Yog li ntawd, kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm AgNP-MHCs hauv ntau hom dej (xws li, nrog cov ntsev sib txawv lossis humic acid) yuav tsum tau ua yav tom ntej.

Hauv kev xaus, AgNP-MHCs tshiab, muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob, suav nrog ϕX174 thiab MNV.AgNP-MHCs tswj cov kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sib txawv, thiab cov khoom no tuaj yeem rov qab tau yooj yim siv cov hlau nplaum, yog li txo lawv cov kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig.Txoj kev tshawb no tau pom tias AgNP sib xyaw tuaj yeem yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab mob zoo hauv ntau qhov chaw ib puag ncig, tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ecological tseem ceeb.