I-nanoparticles yesilivere (AgNPs) ithathwa njengesixhobo esinokuba luncedo ekulawuleni iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo.Nangona kunjalo, kukho iinkxalabo malunga nokukhutshwa kwee-AgNP kumajelo eendaba okusingqongileyo, njengoko zinokwenza impilo yabantu engalunganga kunye neziphumo zendalo.Kolu phononongo, siphuhlise kwaye savavanya inoveli ye-micrometer-ubungakanani bemagnethi ye-hybrid colloid (MHC) ehonjiswe ngee-AgNP ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo (AgNP-MHCs).Emva kokufaka isicelo sokubulala iintsholongwane, la masuntswana anokubuyiselwa ngokulula kumajelo endalo engqongileyo kusetyenziswa iipropathi zawo zemagneti kwaye zihlale zisebenza ngokungasebenziyo iintsholongwane zentsholongwane egazini.Sivavanye ukusebenza kwe-AgNP-MHCs yokungasebenzi kwe-bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), kunye ne-adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2).Ezi ntsholongwane ezijoliswe kuzo ziye zavezwa kwi-AgNP-MHCs kwi-1, 3, kunye ne-6 h kwi-25 ° C kwaye emva koko zihlalutywe nge-plaque assay kunye nexesha langempela le-TaqMan PCR.Ii-AgNP-MHCs ziye zavezwa kuluhlu olubanzi lwamanqanaba e-pH kunye nempompo kunye namanzi angaphezulu ukuvavanya imiphumo yazo ye-antiviral phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo.Phakathi kweentlobo ezintathu ze-AgNP-MHCs ezivavanyiweyo, ii-Ag30-MHCs zibonise ukusebenza okuphezulu kokungasebenzisi iintsholongwane.I-ϕX174 kunye ne-MNV yancitshiswa ngaphezu kwe-2 log10 emva kokuvezwa kwi-4.6 × 109 Ag30-MHCs / ml ye-1 h.Ezi ziphumo zibonise ukuba ii-AgNP-MHCs zinokusetyenziselwa ukuvuselela iintsholongwane ezibangela iintsholongwane ezinethuba elincinane lokukhutshelwa kokusingqongileyo.

Ngenkqubela phambili yamva nje kwi-nanotechnology, ii-nanoparticles ziye zafumana ingqalelo eyongeziweyo kwihlabathi liphela kwimimandla ye-biotechnology, iyeza, kunye nempilo yoluntu (1,2).Ngenxa yomlinganiselo wabo ophezulu wokuya kumthamo, izixhobo ezinobungakanani be-nano, obususela kwi-10 ukuya kwi-500 nm, zineempawu ezizodwa ze-physicochemical xa kuthelekiswa nezo zixhobo ezinkulu (1).Ubume kunye nobukhulu be-nanomaterials bunokulawulwa, kwaye amaqela athile asebenzayo anokudityaniswa kwiindawo zawo ukuze akwazi ukusebenzisana kunye neeprotheyini ezithile okanye i-intracellular uptake (3,-5).

I-Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ifundwe ngokubanzi njenge-antimicrobial agent (6).Isilivere isetyenziselwa ukudala i-cutlery emihle, ukuhlobisa, kunye ne-agent agents.Iikhompawundi zesilivere ezifana ne-sulfadiazine yesilivere kunye neetyuwa ezithile zisetyenziswe njengemveliso yokunyamekela amanxeba kwaye njengonyango lwezifo ezosulelayo ngenxa yeempawu zabo zokulwa ne-antimicrobial (6,7).Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba ii-AgNPs zisebenza kakhulu ekwenzeni iintlobo ngeentlobo zebhaktiriya kunye neentsholongwane zingasebenzi.8,-11).I-AgNPs kunye ne-Ag + ion ezikhutshwe kwi-AgNP zisebenzisana ngokuthe ngqo ne-phosphorus- okanye i-biomolecules enesulfure, kuquka i-DNA, i-RNA, kunye neeprotheni.12,-14).Kwakhona baye baboniswa ukuba bavelise iintlobo ze-oksijeni ezisebenzayo (ROS), ezibangela umonakalo we-membrane kwii-microorganisms (15).Ubungakanani, imilo, kunye nokuxinana kwee-AgNP zizinto ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela amandla abo okulwa ne-antimicrobial (8,10,13,16,17).

Uphononongo lwangaphambili lukwaqaqambise iingxaki ezininzi xa ii-AgNP zisetyenziselwa ukulawula iintsholongwane kwindawo enamanzi.Okokuqala, amaphononongo asele ekho malunga nokusebenza kwee-AgNPs zokungasebenzeli iintsholongwane ezibangela iintsholongwane emanzini zilinganiselwe.Ukongeza, ii-AgNPs ezisasazekileyo zihlala zixhomekeke kwi-particle-particle aggregation ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncinci kunye nommandla omkhulu, kwaye ezi zixhobo zinciphisa ukusebenza kwe-AgNP ngokuchasene ne-microbial pathogens.7).Ekugqibeleni, ii-AgNP zibonakaliswe ukuba zineziphumo ezahlukeneyo ze-cytotoxic (5,18,-20), kunye nokukhululwa kwee-AgNP kwindawo yamanzi kunokukhokelela kwimpilo yabantu kunye neengxaki ze-ikholoji.

Kutshanje, siphuhlise inoveli ye-micrometer-ubungakanani bemagnethi ye-hybrid colloid (MHC) ehonjiswe ngee-AgNP zobukhulu obahlukeneyo (21,22).Undoqo we-MHC unokusetyenziselwa ukubuyisela imidibaniso ye-AgNP kwindalo esingqongileyo.Sivavanye ukusebenza kwe-antiviral ye-nanoparticles yesilivere kwi-MHCs (AgNP-MHCs) isebenzisa i-bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), kunye ne-adenovirus phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo.

Imiphumo ye-Antiviral ye-AgNP-MHCs kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezichasene ne-bacteriophage ϕX174 (a), i-MNV (b), kunye ne-AdV2 (c).Iintsholongwane ezijoliswe kuzo zaphathwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-AgNP-MHCs, kunye ne-OH-MHCs (4.6 × 109 particles / ml) njengolawulo, kwi-incubator eshukumisayo (150 rpm, 1 h, 25 ° C).Indlela yokuvavanya i-plaque yasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iintsholongwane ezisindayo.Amaxabiso athetha ± ukutenxa okusemgangathweni (SD) ukusuka kwimifuniselo emithathu ezimeleyo.Iinkwenkwezi zibonisa amaxabiso ahlukeneyo kakhulu (P<0.05 ngendlela enye ANOVA ngovavanyo lukaDunnett).

Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba ii-AgNP-MHCs ziyasebenza kwi-bacteriophages kunye ne-MNV, i-surrogate ye-norovirus yabantu, emanzini.Ukongeza, ii-AgNP-MHCs zinokufunyanwa lula ngemagnethi, zithintele ngokufanelekileyo ukukhutshwa kwee-AgNP ezinokuba yityhefu kokusingqongileyo.Uninzi lwezifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba ukugxininiswa kunye nobungakanani besuntswana le-AgNP zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokungasebenzi kwe-microorganism ekujoliswe kuyo (8,16,17).Imiphumo ye-antimicrobial ye-AgNPs nayo ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-microorganism.Ukusebenza kwe-AgNP-MHCs yokungasebenzi kwe-ϕX174 ilandele ubudlelwane bokuphendula umthamo.Phakathi kwe-AgNP-MHCs evavanyiweyo, i-Ag30-MHCs yayinokusebenza okuphezulu kokungasebenzi kwe-ϕX174 kunye ne-MNV.Kwi-MNV, zii-Ag30-MHCs kuphela ezibonise umsebenzi we-antiviral, kunye nezinye i-AgNP-MHCs zingavelisi naluphi na ukungasebenzi okubalulekileyo kwe-MNV.Akukho nanye kwi-AgNP-MHCs eyayinomsebenzi obalulekileyo we-antiviral ngokuchasene ne-AdV2.

Ukongeza kwi-particle size, i-concentration yesilivere kwi-AgNP-MHCs nayo yayibalulekile.Uxinaniso lwesilivere lubonakala lubonisa ukusebenza kweziphumo ze-antiviral ze-AgNP-MHCs.Ugxininiso lwesilivere kwizisombululo ze-Ag07-MHCs kunye ne-Ag30-MHCs kwi-4.6 × i-109 particles / ml yayiyi-28.75 ppm kunye ne-200 ppm, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye ihambelana nenqanaba lomsebenzi we-antiviral.Itheyibhile 2ishwankathela ugxininiso lwesilivere kunye nemimandla engaphezulu ye-AgNP-MHCs evavanyiweyo.I-Ag07-MHCs ibonise owona msebenzi uphantsi we-antiviral kwaye yayinogxininiso lwesilivere olusezantsi kunye nommandla ongaphezulu, iphakamisa ukuba ezi zakhiwo zinxulumene nomsebenzi we-antiviral we-AgNP-MHCs.

Uphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba iindlela eziphambili ze-antimicrobial ze-AgNP-MHCs ziyi-chemical abstraction ye-Mg2 + okanye i-Ca2 + ion ukusuka kwi-microbial membranes, ukudalwa kwee-complexes kunye namaqela e-thiol abekwe kwi-membrane, kunye nokuveliswa kweentlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS) (21).Ngenxa yokuba i-AgNP-MHCs inomlinganiselo omkhulu we-particle (~500 nm), akunakwenzeka ukuba ingene kwi-capsid yentsholongwane.Endaweni yoko, ii-AgNP-MHCs zibonakala zisebenzisana neeproteni zomhlaba wentsholongwane.Ii-AgNPs kwii-composites zikholisa ukubopha i-thiol eneqela le-biomolecules efakwe kwiiproteni zedyasi yeentsholongwane.Ke ngoko, iipropathi ze-biochemical ze-viral capsid proteins zibalulekile ekumiseleni ukuchaphazeleka kwazo kwi-AgNP-MHCs.Umfanekiso woku-1ibonisa ukuchaphazeleka okwahlukileyo kweentsholongwane kwiziphumo ze-AgNP-MHCs.I-bacteriophages ϕX174 kunye ne-MNV zazichaphazeleka kwi-AgNP-MHCs, kodwa i-AdV2 yayixhathisa.Inqanaba eliphezulu lokuchasa le-AdV2 linokuthi lidityaniswe nobukhulu kunye nokwakheka kwayo.Ubukhulu be-Adenoviruses buqala kwi-70 ukuya kwi-100 nm (30), okwenza zibe zikhulu kakhulu kune-ϕX174 (27 ukuya kwi-33 nm) kunye ne-MNV (28 ukuya kwi-35 nm) (31,32).Ukongeza kubukhulu bazo obukhulu, ii-adenoviruses zine-DNA enemisonto ephindwe kabini, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintsholongwane, kwaye ziyamelana noxinzelelo olwahlukeneyo lokusingqongileyo njengobushushu kunye nemitha ye-UV.33,34).Uphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili luxele ukuba phantse i-3-log10 yokunciphisa i-MS2 yenzeke nge-Ag30-MHCs ngaphakathi kwe-6 h (21).I-MS2 kunye ne-ϕX174 inobukhulu obufanayo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-nucleic acid (i-RNA okanye i-DNA) kodwa zinezinga elifanayo lokungasebenzi kwe-Ag30-MHCs.Ke ngoko, ubume be-nucleic acid ayibonakali iyona nto iphambili yokuchasana ne-AgNP-MHCs.Endaweni yoko, ubukhulu kunye nokumila kwentsholongwane yentsholongwane kubonakala kubaluleke ngakumbi, kuba i-adenovirus yintsholongwane enkulu kakhulu.I-Ag30-MHCs iphumelele phantse i-2-log10 yokunciphisa i-M13 ngaphakathi kwe-6 h (idatha yethu engapapashwa).I-M13 yintsholongwane ye-DNA enemisonto enye (35) kwaye yi-∼880 nm ubude kunye ne-6.6 nm ububanzi (36).Izinga lokungasebenzi kwe-bacteriophage ye-filamentous M13 yayiphakathi phakathi kweentsholongwane ezincinci, ezijikelezayo (MNV, ϕX174, kunye ne-MS2) kunye nentsholongwane enkulu (AdV2).

Kuphononongo lwangoku, i-kinetics yokungasebenzi kwe-MNV yahluke kakhulu kwi-plaque assay kunye ne-RT-PCR assay (Isazobe 2bkwayekunye.c).Iimvavanyo zeemolekyuli ezifana ne-RT-PCR ziyaziwa ngokuwajongela phantsi kakhulu amazinga okungasebenzi kweentsholongwane (25,28), njengoko kufunyenwe kwisifundo sethu.Ngenxa yokuba ii-AgNP-MHCs zinxibelelana ikakhulu nomphezulu wentsholongwane egazini, kusenokwenzeka ukuba zonakalise iiproteni zedyasi yentsholongwane kunentsholongwane ye-nucleic acids.Ke ngoko, uvavanyo lwe-RT-PCR lokulinganisa i-nucleic acid yentsholongwane inokukujongela phantsi kakhulu ukungasebenzi kweentsholongwane.Umphumo we-Ag + ion kunye nokuveliswa kweentlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (i-ROS) kufuneka ibe noxanduva lokungasebenzi kweentsholongwane ezivavanyiweyo.Nangona kunjalo, imiba emininzi yeendlela zokulwa neentsholongwane ze-AgNP-MHCs azikacaci, kwaye uphando olongezelelweyo olusebenzisa iindlela ze-biotechnological luyafuneka ukucacisa indlela yokumelana okuphezulu kwe-AdV2.

Okokugqibela, siye savavanya ukomelela komsebenzi we-antiviral we-Ag30-MHCs ngokuwabeka kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaxabiso e-pH kunye nokucofa kunye neesampuli zamanzi angaphezulu ngaphambi kokulinganisa umsebenzi wazo we-antiviral.Umzobo 3kwayekunye ne4).4).Ukubonakaliswa kweemeko ze-pH eziphantsi kakhulu kubangele ukulahlekelwa ngokomzimba kunye / okanye ukusebenza kwe-AgNPs kwi-MHC (idatha engapapashwa).Kubukho bamasuntswana angabonakaliyo, i-Ag30-MHCs ibonise ngokungaguqukiyo umsebenzi we-antiviral, nangona ukwehla komsebenzi we-antiviral ngokuchasene ne-MS2.Umsebenzi we-antiviral wawusezantsi kumanzi angaphezulu angahluzwanga, njengoko intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Ag30-MHCs kunye namasuntswana angangxengwanga kumanzi aphezu komhlaba anesiphithiphithi mhlawumbi kubangele ukuncitshiswa komsebenzi we-antiviral.Itheyibhile 3).Ke ngoko, uphononongo lwasendle lwe-AgNP-MHCs kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamanzi (umzekelo, ngoxinzelelo olwahlukileyo lwetyuwa okanye i-humic acid) kufuneka lwenziwe kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuqukumbela, ii-composites ze-Ag ezintsha, i-AgNP-MHCs, zinamandla okulwa neentsholongwane ezininzi, kuquka i-ϕX174 kunye ne-MNV.I-AgNP-MHCs igcina ukusebenza okuqinileyo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, kwaye la masuntswana anokufunyanwa ngokulula usebenzisa imagnethi, ngaloo ndlela enciphisa iziphumo ezinobungozi ezinokuthi zibekho kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba indibaniselwano ye-AgNP inokuba sisithinteli-ntsholongwane esisebenzayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, ngaphandle kwemingcipheko ebalulekileyo yendalo.