Isingeniso: Kusukela kwethulwa i-Insulating Glass Unit (IGU), izingxenye zewindi bezilokhu zithuthuka kancane kancane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza okushisayo kwendlu.Umhleli okhethekile uScott Gibson (uScott Gibson) wethule inqubekelaphambili yomklamo we-IGU, kusukela ekusungulweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezindwangu ezikhipha umoya omncane kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwamafasitela engilazi ngaphandle kokucwebezela okuphindwe kabili, amafilimu amisiwe kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamagesi avikelayo, kanye nekusasa Ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe.
I-Andersen Windows yethula amaphaneli engilazi ashiselwe ngo-1952, okubaluleke kakhulu.Abathengi bangathenga izingxenye ezihlanganisa izingcezu ezimbili zengilazi kanye nongqimba lwe-insulation emkhiqizweni owodwa.Kubanikazi bezindlu abangenakubalwa, ukukhululwa kuka-Andersen kwezohwebo kwasho ukuphela komsebenzi oyisicefe wamafasitela odweshu.Okubaluleke nakakhulu, eminyakeni engu-70 edlule, ukuqala kwemboni kuye kwathuthukisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukusebenza okushisayo kwamafasitela.
Iwindi le-Multi-pane Insulating Glass Window (IGU) lihlanganisa ukumboza kwensimbi kanye nezingxenye zokugcwalisa igesi ye-inert ukwenza indlu ikhululeke kakhudlwana futhi yehlise izindleko zokushisisa nokupholisa.Ngokulungisa izici zezingubo zokubeka umoya omncane (low-e) nokukhetha ngokukhetha, abakhiqizi bezingilazi bangenza ngokwezifiso ama-IGU ngezidingo ezithile nesimo sezulu.Kodwa ngisho nangopende negesi engcono kakhulu, abakhiqizi bezingilazi basazabalaza kanzima.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindonga zangaphandle zezindlu ezisebenza kahle, ingilazi engcono kakhulu izokwenza ama-insulators abe ngaphansi.Isibonelo, udonga lwendlu eyonga amandla lulinganiselwa ku-R-40, kuyilapho i-U-factor yekhwalithi ephezulu yefasitela elinamafasitelana amathathu ingaba ngu-0.15, okulingana no-R-6.6 kuphela.Umthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wokongiwa Kwezamandla ka-2018 udinga ukuthi ngisho nasezindaweni ezibandayo zezwe, ubuncane be-U coefficient yamafasitela ngu-0.32 kuphela, cishe u-R-3.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe obusha uyaqhubeka, futhi lobu buchwepheshe obusha bungenza amafasitela angcono asetshenziswe kabanzi.Ubuchwepheshe obusha buhlanganisa idizayini enamafasitelana amathathu anefasitelana elimaphakathi elizacile kakhulu, iyunithi yefilimu emisiwe enezendlalelo zangaphakathi ezifika kweziyisishiyagalombili, iyunithi yokufaka i-vacuum enamandla okufaka ingilazi esikhungweni sengilazi angaphezu kuka-R-19, kanye ne-vacuum insulation ecishe ifane. izacile njengefasitelana elilodwa lenkomishi yeyunithi.
Kuzo zonke izinzuzo ze-Andersen welding insulating glass, inemikhawulo ethile.Ukwethulwa kwezingubo zokugqoka ezikhipha umoya omncane ngo-1982 kwaba esinye isinyathelo esikhulu esiya phambili.U-Steve Urich, umqondisi wohlelo lweBhodi Yezilinganiso Zokuhlobisa Iwindi Likazwelonke, uthe ukwakheka kwalezi zimbozo kuyehluka kumkhiqizi kuya kumkhiqizi, kodwa zonke ziyizingqimba ezincane zensimbi ezibonisa amandla akhazimulayo abuyela emthonjeni wawo.-Ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwefasitela.
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokumboza, ezibizwa nge-hard coating kanye ne-soft coating.Izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa eziqinile (okwaziwa nangokuthi ama-pyrolytic coatings) zihlehlela emuva ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990 futhi zisasetshenziswa.Ekwenzeni ingilazi, i-coating isetshenziswa ebusweni bengilazi-okubalulekile kubhakwa ebusweni.Ayikwazi ukusulwa.I-coating ethambile (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-sputter coating) isetshenziswa ekamelweni lokubeka i-vacuum.Azinamandla njengezingubo eziqinile futhi azikwazi ukuvezwa emoyeni, ngakho abakhiqizi bazisebenzisa kuphela ebusweni ukuze bavalwe.Uma i-coat emissivity ephansi isetshenziswa endaweni ebheke ekamelweni, kuyoba ukugqoka okunzima.Ijazi elithambile lisebenza kangcono ekulawuleni ukushisa kwelanga.Umqondisi Wezokumaketha weCardinal Glass Technical uJim Larsen (Jim Larsen) uthe i-emissivity coefficient ingase yehle ibe ngu-0.015, okusho ukuthi ngaphezu kuka-98% wamandla akhazimulayo ayaboniswa.
Naphezu kobunzima obukhona bokusebenzisa ungqimba lwensimbi olufanayo olunogqinsi lwama-nanometers angu-2500 kuphela, abakhiqizi baye bakhula ngobuchule ekulawuleni ama-coatings akhipha umoya omncane ukuze balawule inani lokushisa nokukhanya okudlula engilazini.U-Larson uthe ku-multilayer low-emissivity coating, i-anti-reflection nesendlalelo sesiliva zikhawulela ukumuncwa ukushisa kwelanga (ukukhanya kwe-infrared) kuyilapho kugcinwa ukukhanya okuningi okubonakalayo ngangokunokwenzeka.
"Sifunda i-physics of light," kusho uLarson."Lezi izihlungi ze-optical ezinembayo, futhi ukushuba kongqimba ngalunye kubalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yombala wento enamathelayo."
Izingxenye ze-low-e coating ziyisici esisodwa nje.Enye yilapho zisetshenziswa khona.Ukufakwa kwe-Low-e kukhombisa amandla akhazimulayo abuyela emthonjeni wawo.Ngale ndlela, uma ingaphandle lengilazi limboziwe, amandla akhazimulayo avela elangeni azobonakala abuyele ngaphandle, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukumuncwa kokushisa ngaphakathi kwamafasitela nangaphakathi endlini.Ngokufanayo, i-coat enemisebe ephansi esetshenziswa ohlangothini lweyunithi yamaphaneli amaningi ebheke ekamelweni izobonisa amandla akhazimulayo akhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwendlu abuyele ekamelweni.Ebusika, lesi sici sizosiza indlu igcine ukushisa.
Izembatho ezithuthukisiwe ezikhipha umoya omncane zinciphise kancane kancane i-U-factor ku-IGU, isuka ku-0.6 noma 0.65 kuphaneli yasekuqaleni ye-Andersen yaya ku-0.35 ekuqaleni kwawo-1980.Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 lapho i-inert gas argon yengezwa khona, eyanikeza elinye ithuluzi abakhiqizi bezingilazi abangalisebenzisa futhi banciphisa isici se-U cishe ku-0.3.I-Argon inzima kunomoya futhi ingamelana kangcono ne-convection phakathi nendawo yophawu lwewindi.U-Larson uthe ukuqhutshwa kwe-argon nakho kuphansi kunomoya, okunganciphisa ukuqhutshwa futhi kwandise ukusebenza okushisayo kwesikhungo seglasi cishe ngama-20%.
Ngayo, umkhiqizi uphusha iwindi elinamafasitelana amabili ukuze lifinyelele amandla alo aphezulu.Iqukethe amafasitelana amabili angu-1⁄8 amayintshi.Ingilazi, indawo eyiyintshi engu-1⁄2 egcwele igesi ye-argon, kanye nesembozo esikhipha umoya omncane esingezwe eceleni kwegumbi lengilazi.I-U factor yehlela cishe ku-0.25 noma ngaphansi.
Iwindi elicwebezeliswe kathathu iphoyinti lokugxuma elilandelayo.Izingxenye ezivamile ziyizingcezu ezintathu ze-intshi engu-1⁄8.Ingilazi kanye nezikhala ezimbili ze-intshi engu-1⁄2, imbobo ngayinye inembongolo yokukhipha umoya omncane.Igesi eyengeziwe kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa ama-coatings ane-emissivity encane ezindaweni eziningi kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza.Okubi ukuthi amafasitela avamise ukuba asindayo kakhulu kumasashi alengiswa kabili ajwayele ukushelela phezulu naphansi.Ingilazi inzima ngo-50% kunokucwebezela okuphindwe kabili kanye namayintshi angu-1-3⁄8.Okukhulu.Lawa ma-IGU awakwazi ukulingana phakathi kwamayintshi angu-3⁄4.Izikhwama zengilazi ezinamafreyimu ajwayelekile.
Leli qiniso elidabukisayo liphushela abakhiqizi kumafasitela ashintsha ungqimba lwengilazi yangaphakathi (amafasitela efilimu amisiwe) anamashidi e-polymer azacile.I-Southwall Technologies isiphenduke ummeleli wemboni ngefilimu yayo yesibuko esishisayo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza ukucwebezela kwezendlalelo ezintathu noma izendlalelo ezine ezinesisindo esifanayo neyunithi ecwebezelayo ephindwe kabili.Kodwa-ke, kulula ukuthi iyunithi yefasitela ivale ukuvuza eduze kwefasitela lengilazi, ngaleyo ndlela ivumele igesi evikelayo ukuba iphume futhi ivumele umswakama ukuthi ungene ngaphakathi.Ukwehluleka kwesigxivizo sefasitela okwenziwe ngu-Hurd sekuyiphupho elibi elisakazwa kabanzi embonini.Kodwa-ke, ifilimu yesibuko esishisayo manje ephethwe yi-Eastman Chemical Company iseyindlela esebenzayo kumafasitela anamafasitelana amaningi futhi isasetshenziswa abakhiqizi abafana ne-Alpen High Performance Products.
Isikhulu sakwa-Alpen uBrad Begin sathi ngenhlekelele yakwa-Hurd: “Imboni yonke ngempela ingaphansi kwemibuthano emnyama, okwenza abanye abakhiqizi bahlukane nefilimu emisiwe.”"Le nqubo ayinzima kangako, kepha uma ungenzi umsebenzi omuhle noma unganaki ikhwalithi, njenganoma yiliphi iwindi, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-IG, kusho ukuthi umiselwe ukwehluleka ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi esizeni. .
Namuhla, ifilimu yesibuko esishisayo ikhiqizwa ngokuhlanganyela phakathi kwe-DuPont ne-Teijin, bese ithunyelwa e-Eastman, lapho i-coating ye-emissivity encane itholakala ekamelweni lokubeka umhwamuko, bese ithunyelwa kumkhiqizi ukuze iguqulelwe ku-IGU.U-Qala uthi uma ifilimu nezendlalelo zengilazi sezihlanganisiwe, zifakwa kuhhavini bese zibhakwa ku-205 ° F imizuzu engu-45.Ifilimu iyashwabana futhi izibambele mathupha eduze kwe-gasket ekugcineni kweyunithi, iyenze ingabonakali kakhulu.
Uma nje igcinwa ivaliwe, iyunithi yewindi akufanele ibe yinkinga.Naphezu kokungabaza mayelana nefilimu emisiwe ye-IGU, u-Begin uthe u-Alpen unikeze amayunithi angu-13,000 wephrojekthi ye-New York City Empire State Building eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye edlule, kodwa akakaze athole imibiko yokwehluleka.
Idizayini yakamuva yengilazi iphinde ivumele abakhiqizi ukuthi baqale ukusebenzisa i-k, okuyigesi ye-inert enezindawo zokuvikela ezingcono kune-argon.NgokukaDkt. Charlie Curcija, umcwaningi e-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, igebe elikahle liyi-7 mm (cishe i-intshi engu-1⁄4), okuyingxenye ye-argon.I-rypto ayifaneleki kakhulu ku-1⁄2 intshi ye-IGU.Igebe phakathi kwamapuleti engilazi, kodwa kuvela ukuthi le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu kumafasitela engilazi lapho ibanga langaphakathi phakathi kwamapuleti engilazi noma ifilimu emisiwe lincane kunaleli banga.
I-Kensington (Kensington) ingenye yezinkampani ezithengisa amawindi amafilimu amisiwe.Le nkampani inikeza amayunithi esibuko esishisayo agcwele i-k anamanani angu-R afika ku-R-10 phakathi nendawo engilazi.Nokho, ayikho inkampani eyamukela ngokugcwele ubuchwepheshe be-membrane obumisiwe njenge-LiteZone Glass Inc. yase-Canada.I-LiteZoneGlass Inc. yinkampani ethengisa i-IGU enenani lengilazi lesikhungo esingu-R esingu-19.6.kunjani?Ngokwenza ubukhulu beyunithi ibe ngamasentimitha angu-7.6.
Isikhulu esiphezulu sale nkampani uGreg Clarahan uthe sekuphele iminyaka emihlanu kwasungulwa i-IGU, futhi yafakwa ekukhiqizweni ngoNovemba 2019. Uthe izinhloso zenkampani zimbili: ukwenza ama-IGU anamanani “aphakeme kakhulu” okufakwa kwe-insulation, futhi abenze baqine ngokwanele ukusekela impilo yesakhiwo.Umklami wamukele isidingo samayunithi engilazi ajiyile ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza okushisayo kwemiphetho esengozini ye-IGU.
"Ubukhulu beyunithi yengilazi bubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza okushisayo kwefasitela lilonke, ukwenza izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwengilazi lifane kakhulu kanye nokudluliselwa kokushisa kuyo yonke inhlangano (okuhlanganisa imiphetho nohlaka) okufanayo."kusho.
Nokho, i-IGU ewugqinsi iveza izinkinga.Iyunithi ewugqinsi ekhiqizwe yi-LiteZone inamafilimu amisiwe ayisishiyagalombili phakathi kwezingcezu ezimbili zengilazi.Uma zonke lezi zikhala zivaliwe, kuzoba nenkinga yomehluko wengcindezi, ngakho i-LiteZone iklame iyunithi isebenzisa lokho uClarahan akubiza ngokuthi “i-pressure balance duct”.Kuyishubhu elincane lokungenisa umoya elikwazi ukulinganisa umfutho womoya kuwo wonke amagumbi nomoya ongaphandle kwedivayisi.UClarahan uthe igumbi lokomisa elakhelwe epayipini livimbela umhwamuko ukuthi unganqwabelana ngaphakathi kwemishini futhi lingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo okungenani iminyaka engama-60.
Inkampani yengeze esinye isici.Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ukushisa ukuze banciphise ifilimu ngaphakathi kwedivayisi, baklame i-gasket emaphethelweni edivayisi egcina ifilimu imisiwe ngaphansi kwesenzo semithombo emincane.UClarahan uthe ngenxa yokuthi ifilimu ayishisi, ingcindezi iyancipha.Amafasitela nawo akhombisa ukuncishiswa komsindo okuhle kakhulu.
Ifilimu emisiwe iyindlela yokunciphisa isisindo sama-IGU anephaneli eningi.U-Curcija uchaze omunye umkhiqizo obizwa ngokuthi “Thin Triple,” odonse ukunaka okusabalele embonini.Iqukethe ungqimba lwengilazi oluzacile kakhulu luka-0.7 mm kuya ku-1.1 mm (0.027 amayintshi no-0.04 amayintshi) phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili zangaphandle zengilazi engu-3 mm (0.118 amayintshi).Isebenzisa i-k-filling, idivayisi ingapakishwa esikhwameni sengilazi esingu-3⁄4-intshi esibanzi, esifana nedivayisi yendabuko yamafasitelana akabili.
U-Curcija uthe i-triplet encane isanda kuqala ukwenzeka e-United States, futhi isabelo sayo semakethe manje singaphansi kwe-1%.Ngenkathi ziqala ukuthengiswa eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule, lawa madivaysi abhekane nempi enzima yokwamukelwa kwemakethe ngenxa yamanani awo aphezulu okukhiqiza.I-Corning kuphela ekhiqiza ingilazi ezacile kakhulu umklamo othembele kuyo, ngentengo engu-$8 kuya ku-$10 ngonyawo lwesikwele.Ngaphezu kwalokho, intengo ka-k iyabiza, cishe izikhathi eziyi-100 intengo ye-argon.
Ngokusho kukaKursia, kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, zimbili izinto ezenzekile.Okokuqala, ezinye izinkampani zezingilazi zaqala ukuntanta ingilazi ezacile zisebenzisa inqubo evamile, okwakuwukwenza ingilazi yefasitela evamile embhedeni wethini elincibilikisiwe.Lokhu kunganciphisa izindleko zibe amasenti angaba ngu-50 ngonyawo lwesikwele, okulingana nengilazi evamile.Ukwanda kwentshisekelo ekukhanyeni kwe-LED kubangele ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwe-xenon, futhi kuvele ukuthi i-k iwumkhiqizo wale nqubo.Intengo yamanje icishe ibe yingxenye yesine yalokho ebiyikho ngaphambili, kanti inkokhelo iyonke ye-triple yezendlalelo ezintathu ezacile ingaba ngu-$2 ngonyawo lwesikwele lwe-IGU evamile ecwebezeliswe kabili.
UCurcija uthe: “Ngerack elizacile elinezitezi ezintathu ungakwazi ukukhuphukela ku-R-10, ngakho-ke uma ucabangela i-premium ka-$2 ngesikwele ngasinye, iyinani elihle kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa no-R-4 ngentengo efanelekile.Ukugxuma okukhulu.”Ngakho-ke, uCurcija ulindele ukuthi intshisekelo yezohwebo ye-Mie IGU ikhule.U-Andersen uwusebenzisele umugqa wokuvuselela ukuhweba kweWindows.I-Ply Gem, umkhiqizi omkhulu wamawindi e-United States, nayo ibonakala inentshisekelo.Ngisho no-Alpen uyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza izinzuzo zamafasitela efilimu amisiwe futhi uthole izinzuzo ezingaba khona zemishini yefilimu kathathu.
UMark Montgomery, iphini likamongameli omkhulu wezokumaketha kwamafasitela e-US ePly Gem, uthe inkampani njengamanje ikhiqiza imikhiqizo eyi-1-in-1.Kanye nama-intshi angu-7⁄8 ama-triplets.“Sizama nge-3⁄4-in.Wabhala nge-imeyili.“Kodwa (thina) njengamanje singafinyelela amazinga aphezulu okusebenza.”
Ungafuni ukuguqulwa kwenqwaba ibe izacile kathathu ngokushesha.Kodwa u-Begin uthe ungqimba lwesikhungo sengilazi elincanyana kulula ukulucubungula kunefilimu emisiwe, lunamandla okusheshisa ukukhiqizwa, futhi luvumela ukusetshenziswa kwama-gaskets asonqenqemeni olufudumele ukuze kuthathelwe indawo ama-gaskets ensimbi aqinile adingwa amanye ama-IGU efilimu amisiwe.
Iphuzu lokugcina libalulekile.Ifilimu emisiwe encipha kuhhavini izofaka ukungezwani okukhulu ku-gasket ye-peripheral, ezophula uphawu, kodwa ingilazi encane akudingeki yelulwe, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise inkinga.
UCurcija uthe: “Ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina, zombili lezi zobuchwepheshe zinikeza izinto ezifanayo, kodwa mayelana nokuqina nekhwalithi, ingilazi ingcono kunefilimu.”
Nokho, ishidi elinezingqimba ezintathu elidwetshwe uLarsen alinalo ithemba kangako.Okhadinali benza amanye alawa ma-IGU, kodwa izindleko zawo zicishe ziphindwe kabili kunezingilazi zendabuko ezintathu kweyodwa, futhi ingilazi ezacile kakhulu emaphakathi nemojuli inezinga eliphezulu lokuphuka.Lokhu kuphoqe ukhadinali ukuthi asebenzise isendlalelo esimaphakathi esingu-1.6mm esikhundleni salokho.
"Umqondo wale ngilazi ezacile uyingxenye yamandla," kusho uLarsen.“Ingabe uzothenga ingilazi ene-half-strength bese ulindela ukuyisebenzisa ngosayizi ofanayo nengilazi yamandla amabili?Cha. Ukuthi nje izinga lethu lokuphuka liphezulu kakhulu.”
Wengeze ngokuthi amawele amathathu anciphisa isisindo nawo abhekana nezinye izithiyo.Isizathu esikhulu ukuthi ingilazi ezacile incane kakhulu ukuthi ingashiswa, okuwukwelapha okushisa ukuze kwandiswe amandla.Ingilazi epholile iyingxenye ebalulekile yemakethe, ibalwa ku-40% wesamba se-IGU sika-Cardinal.
Ekugcineni, kunenkinga yokugcwalisa igesi ye-rypto.U-Larson uthe izilinganiso zezindleko zikaLawrence Berkeley Labs ziphansi kakhulu, futhi imboni yenze umsebenzi ompofu wokuhlinzeka ngegesi yemvelo eyanele ye-IGU.Ukuze kusebenze kahle, u-90% wendawo yangaphakathi evalekile kufanele igcwaliswe ngegesi, kodwa inkambiso evamile yemboni igxile esivinini sokukhiqiza kunemiphumela yangempela, futhi izinga lokugcwaliswa kwegesi emikhiqizweni emakethe lingase libe ngaphansi kuka-20%.
"Kuningi okuthakaselwayo kulokhu," kusho uLarson mayelana nalaba abathathu abanciphisa isisindo.“Kwenzekani uma uthola u-20% wokugcwalisa kula mawindi?Akuyona ingilazi engu-R-8, kodwa ingilazi engu-R-4.Lokhu kuyafana nalapho usebenzisa i-dual-pane low-e.Unakho konke engingakutholanga.”
Kokubili i-argon ne-k gas yizivikeli ezingcono kunomoya, kodwa ayikho igesi yokugcwalisa (i-vacuum) ezothuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokushisa, futhi amandla e-R value aphakathi kuka-10 no-14 (i-U coefficient kusuka ku-0.1 kuya ku-0.07).U-Curcija uthe ugqinsi lweyunithi mncane njengengilazi yefasitelana elilodwa.
Umkhiqizi wase-Japan obizwa nge-Nippon Sheet Glass (NSG) usevele ukhiqiza amadivayisi we-vacuum insulating glass (VIG).NgokukaCurcija, abakhiqizi baseShayina kanye ne-Guardian Glass yase-United States nabo sebeqalile ukukhiqiza imishini ye-R-10 VIG.(Sizamile ukuxhumana noMnakekeli kodwa sangayithola impendulo.)
Kunezinselele zobuchwepheshe.Okokuqala, umongo okhishwe ngokuphelele udonsa izingqimba ezimbili zangaphandle zengilazi ndawonye.Ukuvimbela lokhu, umkhiqizi ufake izikhala ezincane phakathi kwengilazi ukuvimbela izendlalelo ukuthi zingawi.Lezi zinsika ezincane zihlukaniswa enye kwenye ngebanga elingamayintshi angu-1 kuya kwangu-2, zakha isikhala esingama-microns angu-50.Uma ubhekisisa, ungabona ukuthi ziyi-matrix ebuthakathaka.
Abakhiqizi nabo banenkinga yokuthi bangakha kanjani uphawu oluthembeke ngokuphelele olusemaphethelweni.Uma ihluleka, ukucocwa kwe-vacuum kwehluleka, futhi ifasitela liwudoti.U-Curcija uthi lawa madivayisi angavalwa emaphethelweni ngengilazi encibilikisiwe esikhundleni se-tape noma okunamathelayo kuma-IGU aphefumulayo.Iqhinga liwukwenza inhlanganisela ethambile ngokwanele ukuba incibilike ezingeni lokushisa elingeke lonakalise ukunamathela kwe-E ephansi engilazini.Njengoba ukudluliswa kokushisa kwayo yonke idivayisi kulinganiselwe ensikeni ehlukanisa amapuleti engilazi amabili, inani eliphakeme elingu-R kufanele libe ngu-20.
U-Curcija uthe imishini yokwenza idivayisi ye-VIG iyabiza futhi inqubo ayisheshi njengokukhiqizwa kwengilazi evamile.Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezingaba khona zobuchwepheshe obusha obunjalo, ukumelana okuyisisekelo kwemboni yezokwakha kumandla aqinile namakhodi wokwakha kuzonciphisa inqubekelaphambili.
U-Larson uthe ngokwe-U-factor, amadivaysi e-VIG angase aguqule umdlalo, kodwa inkinga eyodwa abakhiqizi bewindi okufanele bayinqobe ukulahlekelwa ukushisa emaphethelweni efasitela.Kungaba ngcono uma i-VIG ingase ishumekwe kuhlaka oluqinile olusebenza kangcono ngokushisa okushisayo, kodwa ngeke ize ithathele indawo ifasitelana elivamile lemboni, idivayisi ye-Low-e ephefumulayo.
U-Kyle Sword, umphathi wezokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi kwa-Pilkington eNyakatho Melika, uthe njengenkampani engaphansi kwe-NSG, i-Pilkington ikhiqize uchungechunge lwamayunithi e-VIG abizwa nge-Spacia, asetshenziswe ezindaweni zokuhlala nezokuhweba e-United States.Idivayisi iza ekucushweni okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amadivayisi anobukhulu obuyiyintshi engu-1⁄4 kuphela.Ahlanganisa ungqimba lwangaphandle lwengilazi ye-low-e, isikhala sevacuum esingu-0.2mm kanye nongqimba lwangaphakathi lwengilazi entantayo ebonisa ngale.I-spacer enobubanzi obungu-0.5 mm ihlukanisa izingcezu ezimbili zengilazi.Ugqinsi lwenguqulo ye-Super Spacia ngu-10.2 mm (cishe amayintshi angu-0.40), futhi i-coefficient engu-U yesikhungo sengilazi ngu-0.11 (R-9).
I-Sword ibhale nge-imeyili: "Iningi lokuthengiswa komnyango wethu we-VIG liye ezakhiweni ezikhona."“Iningi lazo ngezohwebo kodwa sesiziqedile nezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zokuhlala.Lo mkhiqizo Ungathengwa emakethe futhi u-odwe ngosayizi bangokwezifiso.”USword uthe inkampani ebizwa nge-Heirloom Windows isebenzisa ama-vacuum units emafasiteleni ayo, aklanywe ukuthi abukeke njengamafasitela asekuqaleni ezakhiweni zomlando.“Ngixoxile nezinkampani eziningi zamafasitela okuhlala ezingasebenzisa imikhiqizo yethu,” kubhala uSword."Kodwa-ke, i-IGU njengamanje esetshenziswa izinkampani eziningi zamafasitela okuhlala namuhla icishe ibe yi-intshi engu-1, ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwefasitela nokubunjwa kwe-extrusion kungakwazi ukufaka amafasitela amakhulu."
U-Sword uthe izindleko ze-VIG zilinganiselwa ku-$14 kuya ku-$15 ngonyawo lwesikwele, uma kuqhathaniswa no-$8 kuya ku-$10 ngonyawo lwesikwele lwe-IGU evamile engu-1 intshi.
Okunye okungenzeka ukusebenzisa i-airgel ukwenza amawindi.I-Airgel iyimpahla eyasungulwa ngo-1931. Yenziwa ngokukhipha uketshezi kujeli bese ifaka igesi esikhundleni salo.Umphumela uba isiqinile esicishe singabi nasisindo esinenani eliphakeme kakhulu elingu-R.ULarsen uthe amathemba okusebenza kwayo engilazini abanzi, anamandla okusebenza okungcono okushisayo kune-3-layer noma i-vacuum IGU.Inkinga ikhwalithi yayo yokubona-ayibonakali ngokuphelele.
Ubuchwepheshe obengeziwe obuthembisayo sebuzovela, kodwa bonke banesikhubekiso: izindleko eziphezulu.Ngaphandle kwemithetho eqinile yamandla edinga ukusebenza okungcono, ubuchwepheshe obuthile ngeke butholakale okwesikhashana.UMontgomery uthe: “Sisebenze eduze nezinkampani eziningi ezamukela ubuchwepheshe obusha bengilazi,”-”opende, okokunamathela okushisayo/okubonakalayo/kagesi kanye [nengilazi yokufakwa kwevacuum].Nakuba konke lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwefasitela, kodwa isimo samanje Isakhiwo sezindleko sizokhawulela ukutholwa emakethe yokuhlala. "
Ukusebenza okushisayo kwe-IGU kuhlukile ekusebenzeni okushisayo kwewindi lonke.Lesi sihloko sigxile ku-IGU, kodwa ngokuvamile uma uqhathanisa amazinga okusebenza amafasitela, ikakhulukazi ezitika zeBhodi Likazwelonke Lokulinganisa Uzimele Wefasitela kanye newebhusayithi yomkhiqizi, uzothola isilinganiso "sewindi lonke", esicabangela i-IGU nefasitela. ukusebenza kohlaka.Njengeyunithi.Ukusebenza kwewindi lonke kuhlala kuphansi kunebanga lesikhungo sengilazi le-IGU.Ukuze uqonde ukusebenza kanye newindi eliphelele le-IGU, udinga ukuqonda amagama amathathu alandelayo:
Isici sika-U sikala izinga lokudluliswa kokushisa ngempahla.Isici esingu-U siwukubuyelana kwevelu engu-R.Ukuze uthole inani elilinganayo le-R, hlukanisa isici esingu-U ngo-1. Isici esiphansi esingu-U sisho ukumelana nokugeleza kokushisa okuphezulu nokusebenza okungcono kwe-thermal.Kuhlale kufiseleka ukuba ne-coefficient engu-U ephansi.
I-solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) idlula engxenyeni yengilazi yemisebe yelanga.I-SHGC iyinombolo ephakathi kuka-0 (akukho ukudluliswa) kanye no-1 (ukudluliselwa okungenamkhawulo).Kunconywa ukusebenzisa amafasitela e-SHGC aphansi ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezinelanga zezwe ukuze kukhishwe ukushisa endlini futhi kunciphise izindleko zokupholisa.
I-Visible light transmittance (VT) Ingxenye yokukhanya okubonakalayo okudlula engilazini nayo iyinombolo ephakathi kuka-0 no-1. Uma inombolo enkulu, iphakamisa ukudluliswa kokukhanya.Leli zinga ngokuvamile liphansi ngokumangalisayo, kodwa lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinga lonke lewindi lihlanganisa uhlaka.
Lapho ilanga likhanya ngefasitela, ukukhanya kuzofudumeza ubuso obungaphakathi endlini, futhi izinga lokushisa langaphakathi lizokhuphuka.Kwakuyinto enhle ebusika obubandayo eMaine.Ngosuku olushisayo lwasehlobo eTexas, azikho eziningi.Amawindi aphansi wokuzuza ukushisa kwelanga (SHGC) asiza ukunciphisa ukudluliswa kokushisa nge-IGU.Enye indlela yokuthi abakhiqizi benze i-SHGC ephansi ukusebenzisa izimbotshana ezikhipha umoya omncane.Le misebe yensimbi ekhanyayo iklanyelwe ukuvimba imisebe ye-ultraviolet, ivumele ukukhanya okubonakalayo kudlule futhi ilawule imisebe ye-infrared ukuze ivumelane nendlu nesimo sezulu sayo.Lona akuwona nje umbuzo wokusebenzisa uhlobo olulungile lwe-coating ephansi-emissivity, kodwa futhi indawo yayo yohlelo lokusebenza.Nakuba lungekho ulwazi olumayelana nezindinganiso zokufaka izicelo zokumboza okuphansi, futhi amazinga ahluka phakathi kwabakhiqizi nezinhlobo zokumboza, lezi ezilandelayo ziyizibonelo ezivamile.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa ukushisa kwelanga okuzuzwe ngamafasitela ukumboza ngama-overhangs namanye amadivaysi e-shading.Ezimweni ezishisayo, kuwumqondo omuhle futhi ukukhetha amafasitela e-SHGC aphansi anemimbozo ekhipha umoya omncane.Amafasitela esimo sezulu esipholile ngokuvamile anembobo ekhipha umoya omncane endaweni engaphakathi yengilazi engaphandle-izindawo ezimbili efasiteleni elinamafasitelana amabili, izindawo ezimbili nezine efasiteleni elinamafasitelana amathathu.
Uma indlu yakho isendaweni ebandayo yezwe futhi ufuna ukuhlinzeka ngokushisisa kwasebusika ngokuvunwa kokushisa kwelanga, ufuna ukusebenzisa i-coating ekhipha umoya omncane endaweni engaphandle yengilazi engaphakathi (ifasitela Lesendlalelo sesithathu) , futhi ubonise izindawo ezintathu neziyisihlanu efasiteleni elinamafasitelana amathathu).Ukukhetha iwindi elimboziwe kule ndawo ngeke nje uthole ukushisa kwelanga okwengeziwe, kodwa iwindi lizosiza nokuvimbela ukushisa okukhazimulayo ngaphakathi kwendlu.
Kukhona igesi ye-insulating ephindwe kabili.Ifasitelana elikabili elivamile le-IGU linamafasitelana amabili angu-1⁄8 amayintshi.Ingilazi, i-argon igcwele iyintshi engu-1⁄2.Isikhala somoya kanye nokunamathiswa okuncane endaweni okungenani eyodwa.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwengilazi yefasitelana eliphindwe kabili, umenzi wengeze enye ingxenye yengilazi, eyakha i-cavity eyengeziwe yegesi yokushisa.Iwindi elijwayelekile elinamafasitelana amathathu linamawindi amathathu angu-1⁄8-intshi.Ingilazi, izikhala ezingu-2 1⁄2 intshi ezigcwele igesi, kanye nembobo ye-E ephansi endaweni ngayinye.Lezi yizibonelo ezintathu zamafasitela anezinhlaka ezintathu avela kubakhiqizi basekhaya.I-U factor kanye ne-SHGC amazinga ewindi lonke.
Iwindi le-ecoSmart le-Great Lakes Window (Ply Gem Company) liqukethe ukufakwa kwegwebu le-polyurethane kuhlaka lwe-PVC.Unga-oda amafasitela ngengilazi enamafasitelana amabili noma amathathu kanye ne-argon noma i-K gas.Okunye okukhethwa kukho kufaka ama-low-emissivity coatings nama-coatings amafilimu amancane abizwa ngokuthi i-Easy-Clean.Isici se-U sisukela ku-0.14 siye ku-0.20, kanti i-SHGC isuka ku-0.14 iye ku-0.25.
I-Sierra Pacific Windows iyinkampani ehlanganiswe ngokuqondile.Ngokusho kwenkampani, ingaphandle le-aluminium elikhishwe limbozwe ngesakhiwo sokhuni se-Ponderosa pine noma i-Douglas pine, ephuma ohlelweni lwayo oluqhubekayo lwamahlathi.Iyunithi ye-Aspen eboniswe lapha inamasashi amawindi awugqinsi angu-2-1⁄4-intshi futhi isekela i-IGU yezendlalelo ezintathu engu-1-3⁄8-intshi engu-1.Inani le-U lisuka ku-0.13 liye ku-0.18, kanti i-SHGC isuka ku-0.16 iye ku-0.36.
Iwindi lika-Martin's Ultimate Double Hung G2 linodonga lwangaphandle lwe-aluminium kanye nengaphakathi elingaqediwe likaphayini.Isiphetho sangaphandle sefasitela siwuhlelo olusebenza kahle kakhulu lwe-PVDF lwe-fluoropolymer, oluboniswa lapha ku-Cascade Blue.Isashi lewindi elicwebezeliswe kathathu ligcwele i-argon noma umoya, futhi isici sayo esingu-U siphansi njengo-0.25, futhi ububanzi be-SHGC busuka ku-0.25 kuya ku-0.28.
Uma iwindi elinamafasitelana amathathu linokungalungi, isisindo se-IGU.Abanye abakhiqizi benze amafasitela anamafasitelana amathathu alengiswa kabili asebenza, kodwa kaningi, ama-IGU anamafasitelana amathathu anomkhawulo ekusebenzeni kwewindi elingaguquki, elivuleke eceleni kanye nelitshekisayo/elijikayo.Ifilimu emisiwe ingenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa abakhiqizi ukukhiqiza i-IGU ngokusebenza kwezingilazi ezintathu ezinesisindo esilula.
Yenza unxantathu kube lula ukuphatha.I-Alpen inikeza ifilimu yesibuko esishisayo i-IGU, elungiselelwe amakamelo amabili agcwele igesi anesici esingu-0.16 U kanye ne-0.24 kuya ku-0.51 SHGC, kanye nesakhiwo esinamagumbi amane agcwele igesi, enesici esingu-0.05 U, ibanga Ukusuka ku-SHGC ngu-0.22 ibe 0.38.Ukusebenzisa amafilimu amancane esikhundleni senye ingilazi kunganciphisa isisindo nomthamo.
Iphula umkhawulo, i-LiteZone Glass yenza ukujiya kwe-IGU kufinyelele amayintshi angu-7-1⁄2, futhi ingalenga izendlalelo eziyisishiyagalombili zefilimu.Ngeke uthole lolu hlobo lwengilazi kumafasitelana ajwayelekile alenga kabili, kodwa kumafasitelana angashintshi, ukujiya okwengeziwe kuzonyusa inani le-R maphakathi nengilazi liye ku-19.6.Isikhala phakathi kwezingqimba zefilimu sigcwele umoya futhi sixhunywe kwipayipi yokulinganisa ingcindezi.
Iphrofayili ye-IGU encane kakhulu ingatholakala kuyunithi ye-VIG noma iyunithi yengilazi evalekile ye-vacuum.Umphumela wokufakwa kwe-vacuum ku-IGU ungcono kunomoya noma izinhlobo ezimbili zamagesi ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlukaniswa, futhi isikhala phakathi kwamafasitela singaba sincane njengamamilimitha ambalwa.I-Vacuum iphinde izame ukuphahlaza okokusebenza, ngakho le mishini ye-VIG kumele yakhelwe ukumelana nala mandla.
I-Pilkington's Spacia iyisisetshenziswa se-VIG esinogqinsi oluwu-6 mm kuphela, yingakho inkampani yasikhetha njengenketho yamaphrojekthi omlando wokulondoloza.Ngokusho kwezincwadi zenkampani, i-VIG inikeza "ukusebenza okushisayo kwe-glazing yendabuko ephindwe kabili enobukhulu obufana nokucwenga okuphindwe kabili".Isici se-Spacia sika-U sisukela ku-0.12 siye ku-0.25, kanti i-SHGC isuka ku-0.46 iye ku-0.66.
Idivayisi ye-VIG ka-Pilkington inepuleti lengilazi elingaphandle elimbozwe ngembongolo ekhipha umoya omncane, futhi ipuleti lengilazi elingaphakathi liyingilazi entantayo ebonisa ngale.Ukuze kuvinjwe isikhala se-vacuum esingu-0.2mm ekugoqeni, ingilazi yangaphakathi nengilazi yangaphandle zihlukaniswa ngesikhala esingu-1⁄2mm.Ikhava yokuvikela ivala izimbobo ezidonsa umoya kusuka kudivayisi futhi ihlala endaweni impilo yefasitela.
Isiqondiso esinokwethenjelwa nesibanzi esinikezwa ochwepheshe okuhloswe ngaso ukudala indlu enempilo, enethezekile neyonga amandla
Yiba yilungu, ungafinyelela ngokushesha izinkulungwane zamavidiyo, izindlela zokusebenzisa, amazwana amathuluzi nezici zedizayini.
Thola ukufinyelela okugcwele kwesayithi ukuze uthole iseluleko sochwepheshe, amavidiyo okusebenza, ukuhlolwa kwamakhodi, njll., kanye namamagazini aphrintiwe.