Ama-nanoparticles esiliva (AgNPs) abhekwa njengethuluzi elingaba usizo lokulawula amagciwane ahlukahlukene.Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukukhathazeka mayelana nokukhishwa kwama-AgNP emithonjeni yezemvelo, njengoba ingase ikhiqize imiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo.Kulolu cwaningo, sithuthukise futhi sahlola inoveli elingana ne-magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) enoveli ehlotshiswe ngama-AgNP (AgNP-MHCs) anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene.Ngemva kokufakwa isicelo sokubulala amagciwane, lezi zinhlayiya zingatholwa kalula emithonjeni yezemvelo zisebenzisa izici zazo kazibuthe futhi zihlale zisebenza ngempumelelo ekuvimbeni amagciwane.Sihlole ukusebenza kahle kwe-AgNP-MHCs ekwenzeni i-bacteriophage ϕX174 ingasebenzi, murine norovirus (MNV), kanye ne-adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2).Lawa magciwane ahlosiwe adalulwe ku-AgNP-MHCs isikhathi esingu-1, 3, no-6 h ku-25°C bese ahlaziywa nge-plaque assay kanye ne-TaqMan PCR yesikhathi sangempela.I-AgNP-MHCs yachayeka kumazinga anhlobonhlobo e-pH kanye nasemanzini kampompi nangaphezulu ukuze kuhlolwe imiphumela yawo yokulwa namagciwane ngaphansi kwezimo ezehlukene zemvelo.Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezintathu ze-AgNP-MHCs ezihloliwe, ama-Ag30-MHC abonise ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kakhulu kokwenza amagciwane angasebenzi.I-ϕX174 ne-MNV zehliswe ngaphezu kwe-2 log10 ngemva kokuchayeka ku-4.6 × 109 Ag30-MHCs/ml ngehora elingu-1.Le miphumela ibonise ukuthi i-AgNP-MHCs ingase isetshenziselwe ukwenza amagciwane egciwane avule amathuba amancane okuphumela endaweni.

Ngokuthuthuka kwakamuva kwe-nanotechnology, ama-nanoparticles athola ukunakwa okwengeziwe emhlabeni wonke emkhakheni we-biotechnology, umuthi, kanye nempilo yomphakathi (1,2).Ngenxa yesilinganiso sazo esiphezulu se-surface-to-volume, izinto ezinobukhulu be-nano, ngokuvamile obusuka ku-10 kuye ku-500 nm, zinezici ze-physicochemical ezihlukile uma ziqhathaniswa nalezo ezinkudlwana.1).Ukuma nosayizi wama-nanomaterials kungalawulwa, futhi amaqembu athile asebenzayo angahlanganiswa endaweni yawo ukuze anike amandla ukusebenzisana namaprotheni athile noma ukutholwa kwe-intracellular (3,-5).

I-Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ifundwe kabanzi njenge-ejenti elwa namagciwane (6).Isiliva lisetshenziswa ekudaleni ama-cutlery amahle, ukuhlobisa, kanye nama-ejenti okwelapha.Izinhlanganisela zesiliva ezifana nesiliva sulfadiazine kanye nosawoti othile ziye zasetshenziswa njengemikhiqizo yokunakekela amanxeba futhi njengokwelashwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zokulwa namagciwane (6,7).Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi ama-AgNP asebenza kahle kakhulu ekwenzeni izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhaktheriya nama-virus zisebenze (8,-11).Ama-AgNP nama-Ag+ ion akhishwe kuma-AgNP asebenzisana ngokuqondile nama-biomolecules ane-phosphorus- noma isulfur, okuhlanganisa i-DNA, i-RNA, namaprotheni (12,-14).Baphinde baboniswa ukuthi bakhiqize izinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS), ezibangela ukulimala kwe-membrane kuma-microorganisms (15).Ubukhulu, ukuma, kanye nokugxila kwama-AgNP nakho kuyizinto ezibalulekile ezithinta amandla awo e-antimicrobial (8,10,13,16,17).

Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luphinde lwagqamisa izinkinga ezimbalwa lapho ama-AgNP esetshenziselwa ukulawula amagciwane endaweni enamanzi.Okokuqala, izifundo ezikhona ngokusebenza ngempumelelo kwama-AgNP zokuvala amagciwane egciwane emanzini anomkhawulo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-AgNP ahlakazekile ngokuvamile angaphansi kokuhlangana kwezinhlayiyana ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane nendawo enkulu, futhi lezi zibalo zehlisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-AgNP ngokumelene namagciwane amagciwane (microbial pathogens).7).Ekugcineni, ama-AgNP aboniswe ukuthi anemiphumela ehlukahlukene ye-cytotoxic (5,18,-20), kanye nokukhishwa kwama-AgNP endaweni enamanzi kungase kubangele izinkinga zempilo yabantu kanye nemvelo.

Muva nje, senze i-novel micrometer-size magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) ehlotshiswe ngama-AgNP osayizi abahlukahlukene (21,22).Umongo we-MHC ungasetshenziswa ukubuyisela izinhlanganisela ze-AgNP emvelweni.Sihlole ukusebenza kwe-antiviral kwalawa ma-nanoparticles esiliva kuma-MHCs (AgNP-MHCs) sisebenzisa i-bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), kanye ne-adenovirus ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezihlukene.

Imiphumela elwa namagciwane ye-AgNP-MHCs ekugxilweni okuhlukahlukene ngokumelene ne-bacteriophage ϕX174 (a), MNV (b), ne-AdV2 (c).Amagciwane ahlosiwe alashwa ngokugxila okuhlukile kwe-AgNP-MHCs, kanye nama-OH-MHCs (izinhlayiya ezingu-4.6 × 109/ml) njengesilawuli, ku-incubator enyakazayo (150 rpm, 1 h, 25°C).Indlela yokuhlola i-plaque yasetshenziswa ukukala amagciwane asaphila.Amanani asho ± ukuchezuka okujwayelekile (SD) kusuka ekuhloleni okuthathu okuzimele.Izinkanyezi zibonisa amanani ahluke kakhulu (P< 0.05 nge-ANOVA yendlela eyodwa ngokuhlolwa kuka-Dunnett).

Lolu cwaningo lubonise ukuthi ama-AgNP-MHCs ayasebenza ekwenzeni ama-bacteriophages angasebenzi kanye ne-MNV, i-surrogate ye-norovirus yabantu, emanzini.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-AgNP-MHCs angatholakala kalula ngozibuthe, kuvinjwe ngempumelelo ukukhululwa kwama-AgNP angaba nobuthi endaweni ezungezile.Ucwaningo oluningi lwangaphambilini lubonise ukuthi ukugxila kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana zama-AgNP yizici ezibalulekile zokuvala i-microorganism ehlosiwe (8,16,17).Imiphumela ye-antimicrobial ye-AgNPs nayo incike ohlotsheni lwe-microorganism.Ukusebenza kwe-AgNP-MHCs kokungasebenzi kwe-ϕX174 kulandele ubudlelwano bokuphendula umthamo.Phakathi kwama-AgNP-MHC ahloliwe, ama-Ag30-MHC abe nokusebenza okuphezulu kokungasebenzi kwe-ϕX174 ne-MNV.Ku-MNV, ama-Ag30-MHC kuphela abonise umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane, kanti amanye ama-AgNP-MHC angakhiqizi noma yikuphi ukungasebenzi okubalulekile kwe-MNV.Awekho ama-AgNP-MHC abenomsebenzi obalulekile we-antiviral ngokumelene ne-AdV2.

Ngaphezu kosayizi wezinhlayiyana, ukugcwala kwesiliva kuma-AgNP-MHCs nakho bekubalulekile.Ukuqoqwa kwesiliva kubonakale ukuze kunqume ukusebenza kahle kwemiphumela elwa namagciwane ye-AgNP-MHCs.Ukugxiliswa kwesiliva kuzixazululo ze-Ag07-MHCs kanye ne-Ag30-MHCs ku-4.6 × 109 izinhlayiya/ml bekungu-28.75 ppm no-200 ppm, ngokulandelanayo, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nezinga lomsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane.Ithebula 2ifingqa ukugxila kwesiliva nezindawo ezingaphezulu ze-AgNP-MHCs ezihloliwe.I-Ag07-MHCs ibonise umsebenzi wokuvimbela amagciwane ophansi kakhulu futhi ibe nokugxiliswa kwesiliva okuphansi kakhulu nendawo engaphezulu, okuphakamisa ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zihlobene nomsebenzi wokuvimbela amagciwane we-AgNP-MHCs.

Ucwaningo lwethu lwangaphambilini lubonise ukuthi izindlela ezinkulu ze-antimicrobial ze-AgNP-MHCs yi-chemical abstraction ye-Mg2 + noma i-Ca2+ ion kusuka kulwelwesi lwama-microbial, ukwakhiwa kwama-complexes anamaqembu e-thiol atholakala kulwelwesi, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS) (21).Ngenxa yokuthi ama-AgNP-MHC anosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezinkulu ngokuqhathaniswa (∼500 nm), mancane amathuba okuthi akwazi ukungena ku-capsid yegciwane.Esikhundleni salokho, ama-AgNP-MHC abonakala esebenzisana namaphrotheni angaphezulu kwegciwane.Ama-AgNP kuma-composites avame ukubopha ama-biomolecules aqukethe iqembu le-thiol ashumekwe kumaprotheni ejazi lamagciwane.Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ze-biochemical zamaprotheni e-viral capsid zibalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthambekela kwawo ku-AgNP-MHCs.Umfanekiso 1ikhombisa ukuthambekela okuhlukile kwamagciwane emiphumeleni ye-AgNP-MHCs.Ama-bacteriophages ϕX174 kanye ne-MNV kwakungenwa kalula yi-AgNP-MHCs, kodwa i-AdV2 yayingazweli.Izinga eliphezulu lokumelana le-AdV2 kungenzeka lihlotshaniswe nosayizi nesakhiwo sayo.Ama-Adenoviruses ahluka ngosayizi ukusuka ku-70 kuye ku-100 nm (30), okwenza zibe zinkulu kakhulu kune-ϕX174 (27 kuya ku-33 nm) kanye ne-MNV (28 kuya ku-35 nm) (31,32).Ngaphezu kobukhulu bawo obukhulu, ama-adenoviruses ane-DNA ephindwe kabili, ngokungafani namanye amagciwane, futhi amelana nokucindezeleka okuhlukahlukene kwemvelo njengokushisa nemisebe ye-UV (33,34).Ucwaningo lwethu lwangaphambilini lubike ukuthi cishe ukuncipha okungu-3-log10 kwe-MS2 kwenzeka nge-Ag30-MHCs phakathi kwamahora ayi-6 (21).I-MS2 ne-ϕX174 inosayizi ofanayo nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-nucleic acid (i-RNA noma i-DNA) kodwa inezilinganiso ezifanayo zokungasebenzisi ama-Ag30-MHCs.Ngakho-ke, imvelo ye-nucleic acid ayibonakali iyisici esikhulu sokumelana ne-AgNP-MHCs.Kunalokho, usayizi nokuma kwezinhlayiyana zegciwane kubonakala kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba i-adenovirus igciwane elikhulu kakhulu.Ama-Ag30-MHC azuze cishe ukuncishiswa okungu-2-log10 kwe-M13 phakathi namahora angu-6 (idatha yethu engashicilelwe).I-M13 iyigciwane le-DNA elinomucu owodwa (35) futhi ingu-~880 nm ubude no-6.6 nm ububanzi (36).Izinga lokungasebenzi kwe-filamentous bacteriophage M13 laliphakathi phakathi kwamagciwane amancane, ayindilinga (MNV, ϕX174, ne-MS2) kanye negciwane elikhulu (AdV2).

Ocwaningweni lwamanje, i-inactivation kinetics ye-MNV yayihluke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwe-plaque kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-RT-PCR (Umfanekiso 2bfuthikanye).c).Ukuhlolwa kwamangqamuzana okufana ne-RT-PCR kwaziwa ngokuwabukela phansi kakhulu amazinga okungasebenzi kwamagciwane (25,28), njengoba kutholakala esifundweni sethu.Ngenxa yokuthi ama-AgNP-MHC asebenzisana ngokuyinhloko ne-viral surface, maningi amathuba okuthi alimaze amaprotheni e-viral coat kunama-viral nucleic acid.Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-RT-PCR ukukala i-viral nucleic acid kungase kubukele phansi kakhulu ukungasebenzi kwamagciwane.Umthelela wama-Ag+ ions kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS) kufanele kube nesibopho sokungasebenzi kwamagciwane ahloliwe.Nokho, izici eziningi zezindlela zokulwa namagciwane ze-AgNP-MHCs azikacaci, futhi olunye ucwaningo olusebenzisa izindlela ze-biotechnological luyadingeka ukuze kucaciswe indlela yokumelana okuphezulu kwe-AdV2.

Okokugcina, sihlole ukuqina komsebenzi we-antiviral ye-Ag30-MHCs ngokuwachaya ezinhlobonhlobo zamanani e-pH kanye nokuthepha namasampula amanzi angaphezulu ngaphambi kokulinganisa umsebenzi wawo wokuvimbela amagciwane (Umdwebo 3futhifuthi4).4).Ukuchayeka ezimweni ze-pH ephansi kakhulu kubangele ukulahlekelwa ngokomzimba kanye/noma kokusebenza kwama-AgNP kusuka ku-MHC (idatha engashicilelwe).Ebukhoneni bezinhlayiya ezingacacisiwe, ama-Ag30-MHC ahlala ebonisa umsebenzi wokuvimbela amagciwane, naphezu kokwehla komsebenzi wokuvimbela amagciwane ngokumelene ne-MS2.Umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane ubuphansi kakhulu emanzini angacwengiwe, njengoba ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-Ag30-MHCs kanye nezinhlayiya ezingaqondile emanzini angaphezulu axube kakhulu kungenzeka kubangele ukuncipha komsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane.Ithebula 3).Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwenkambu ye-AgNP-MHCs ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamanzi (isb, okugxilwe kukasawoti okuhlukile noma i-humic acid) kufanele kwenziwe esikhathini esizayo.

Sengiphetha, izinhlanganisela ezintsha ze-Ag, i-AgNP-MHCs, zinamandla amahle kakhulu okuvimbela amagciwane ngokumelene namagciwane amaningana, ahlanganisa i-ϕX174 ne-MNV.I-AgNP-MHCs igcina ukusebenza kahle okuqinile ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zemvelo, futhi lezi zinhlayiya zingatholwa kalula kusetshenziswa uzibuthe, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe imiphumela yazo eyingozi engaba khona empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo.Lolu cwaningo lubonise ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-AgNP ingaba isinqamuleli segciwane esisebenza ngempumelelo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, ngaphandle kwezingozi ezibalulekile zemvelo.